NLP Lineage

19 February 2026 · Reasoning

Gemini 3.1

Gemini 3.1 Pro

Google DeepMind

Date
19 February 2026
What the date marks
Model release
Kind
Model
Organisation
Google DeepMind
Access
API only
Threads
In the guided tour
Chapter 14. Where the threads meet now
Learning phases
3. API usage and prompting

Too recent for its influence to be judged: no later milestone in the data descends from it yet. How levels are decided

Figures quoted here are reported by the organisation that built it, not independently verified.

Read the primary source (deepmind.google)

Full summary in progress. Until then, this page shows the milestone's record from the research data.

What it changed

Before it

Gemini 3 had taken the frontier in November.

The problem

Holding a lead now requires releases every few weeks.

What it introduced

An iterative upgrade to the Gemini 3 line.

Why it matters

Part of the accelerating 2026 release cadence.

What modern models inherit

Continuous frontier iteration.

What came next

Gemini 3.7 and 3.8 Flash later in the year.

Before and after

The milestones it descends from, and the milestones that descend from it. Work developed alongside it is not counted. Weak links are left out unless you include them.

Before: where it came from

Gemini 3.1 has 38 documented ancestors across 9 chapters, reaching back to Recurrent networks in 1990. Showing its direct parents and the 14 turning points among them.

Gemini 3.1 has 38 documented ancestors across 9 chapters, reaching back to Recurrent networks in 1990. Showing all of them.

Gemini 3.1 has 71 recorded ancestors, including indirect ones, across 12 chapters, reaching back to Recurrent networks in 1990. Showing its direct parents and the 20 turning points among them.

Gemini 3.1 has 71 recorded ancestors, including indirect ones, across 12 chapters, reaching back to Recurrent networks in 1990. Showing all of them.

  1. 2026Gemini 3.1This milestone.
  2. 2025Gemini 3Gemini 3.1 built directly on thisChapter 14. Where the threads meet now
  3. 2025Gemini 2.5Gemini 3 built directly on thisChapter 12. Thinking longer
  4. 2024Gemini 2.0Gemini 2.5 built directly on thisChapter 14. Where the threads meet now
  5. 2024o1 Turning pointGemini 2.5 was influenced by thisChapter 12. Thinking longer
  6. 2024Gemini 1.5Gemini 3 was influenced by thisChapter 10. Reading more than you remember
  7. 2023Gemini 1.0Gemini 1.5 built directly on thisChapter 11. Seeing and hearing
  8. 2022PaLMGemini 1.0 succeeded thisChapter 5. Scale becomes a science
  9. 2022Chain of thought Turning pointo1 was influenced by thisChapter 12. Thinking longer
  10. 2020Vision TransformerGemini 1.0 was influenced by thisChapter 11. Seeing and hearing
  11. 2020GShard Turning pointGemini 1.5 was influenced by thisChapter 5. Scale becomes a science
  12. 2020GPT-3 Turning pointChain of thought was influenced by thisChapter 5. Scale becomes a science
  13. 2020Scaling laws Turning pointGPT-3 was influenced by thisChapter 5. Scale becomes a science
  14. 2019Sparse Transformer Turning pointGPT-3 built directly on thisChapter 4. Pretrain once, use everywhere
  15. 2019GPT-2 Turning pointGPT-3 built directly on thisChapter 4. Pretrain once, use everywhere
  16. 2019WebTextGPT-2 was influenced by thisChapter 4. Pretrain once, use everywhere
  17. 2018BERT Turning pointVision Transformer was influenced by thisChapter 4. Pretrain once, use everywhere
  18. 2018GPT-1BERT was influenced by thisChapter 4. Pretrain once, use everywhere
  19. 2018ELMoBERT was influenced by thisChapter 4. Pretrain once, use everywhere
  20. 2018ULMFiTBERT was influenced by thisChapter 4. Pretrain once, use everywhere
  21. 2017CoVeELMo was influenced by thisChapter 3. Attention, then only attention
  22. 2017Transformer Turning pointVision Transformer built directly on thisChapter 3. Attention, then only attention
  23. 2017Sparse MoE Turning pointGShard built directly on thisChapter 3. Attention, then only attention
  24. 2016Layer normTransformer built directly on thisChapter 3. Attention, then only attention
  25. 2015Residual connectionsTransformer was influenced by thisChapter 3. Attention, then only attention
  26. 2015LM pretraining Turning pointBERT was influenced by thisChapter 2. Words become vectors
  27. 2015BPE tokenizationGPT-2 built directly on thisChapter 2. Words become vectors
  28. 2015Luong attentionTransformer was influenced by thisChapter 3. Attention, then only attention
  29. 2014AdamTransformer was influenced by thisChapter 2. Words become vectors
  30. 2014GloVeELMo built directly on thisChapter 2. Words become vectors
  31. 2014Seq2seq Turning pointTransformer built directly on thisChapter 2. Words become vectors
  32. 2014Attention Turning pointTransformer built directly on thisChapter 3. Attention, then only attention
  33. 2014GRU / encoder-decoderAttention built directly on thisChapter 2. Words become vectors
  34. 2013word2vecELMo was influenced by thisChapter 2. Words become vectors
  35. 2011NLP from scratchELMo was influenced by thisChapter 1. Language as probability
  36. 2003Neural LMNLP from scratch was influenced by this
    word2vec was influenced by this    Chapter 1. Language as probability
  37. 1997LSTM Turning pointSparse MoE built directly on thisChapter 1. Language as probability
  38. 1991Mixture of expertsSparse MoE built directly on thisChapter 1. Language as probability
  39. 1990Recurrent networksLSTM was influenced by thisChapter 1. Language as probability
  1. 2026Gemini 3.1This milestone.
  2. 2025Gemini 3Gemini 3.1 built directly on thisChapter 14. Where the threads meet now
  3. 2025Gemini 2.5Gemini 3 built directly on thisChapter 12. Thinking longer
  4. 2024Gemini 2.0Gemini 2.5 built directly on thisChapter 14. Where the threads meet now
  5. 2024Computer useGemini 2.0 was influenced by this (indirect influence)Chapter 13. Models that act
  6. 2024o1 Turning pointGemini 2.5 was influenced by thisChapter 12. Thinking longer
  7. 2024Claude 3.5 SonnetComputer use built directly on thisChapter 14. Where the threads meet now
  8. 2024Claude 3Claude 3.5 Sonnet built directly on thisChapter 14. Where the threads meet now
  9. 2024Gemini 1.5Gemini 3 was influenced by thisChapter 10. Reading more than you remember
  10. 2023Gemini 1.0Gemini 1.5 built directly on thisChapter 11. Seeing and hearing
  11. 2023GPT-4VComputer use was influenced by thisChapter 11. Seeing and hearing
  12. 2023Lost in the middleGemini 1.5 was influenced by this (indirect influence)Chapter 10. Reading more than you remember
  13. 2023Function callingComputer use was influenced by this (indirect influence)Chapter 13. Models that act
  14. 2023Process supervisiono1 was influenced by this (indirect influence)Chapter 12. Thinking longer
  15. 2023100K contextLost in the middle was influenced by this (indirect influence)Chapter 10. Reading more than you remember
  16. 2023GPT-4 Turning pointGPT-4V built directly on thisChapter 7. The assistant goes public
  17. 2023Claude100K context built directly on thisChapter 7. The assistant goes public
  18. 2023ToolformerFunction calling was influenced by this (indirect influence)Chapter 13. Models that act
  19. 2022Constitutional AIClaude built directly on thisChapter 6. Teaching models what people want
  20. 2022GPT-3.5 Turning pointGPT-4 succeeded thisChapter 7. The assistant goes public
  21. 2022ReActFunction calling was influenced by this (indirect influence)Chapter 13. Models that act
  22. 2022HH-RLHFClaude was influenced by thisChapter 6. Teaching models what people want
  23. 2022PaLMGemini 1.0 succeeded thisChapter 5. Scale becomes a science
  24. 2022STaRo1 was influenced by this (indirect influence)Chapter 12. Thinking longer
  25. 2022InstructGPT Turning pointGPT-4 built directly on thisChapter 6. Teaching models what people want
  26. 2022Chain of thought Turning pointo1 was influenced by thisChapter 12. Thinking longer
  27. 2021WebGPTReAct was influenced by this
    Toolformer was influenced by this    Chapter 13. Models that act
  28. 2021HHH assistantHH-RLHF built directly on thisChapter 6. Teaching models what people want
  29. 2021FLANInstructGPT was influenced by thisChapter 6. Teaching models what people want
  30. 2021CLIPGPT-4V was influenced by this (indirect influence)Chapter 11. Seeing and hearing
  31. 2020Vision TransformerGemini 1.0 was influenced by thisChapter 11. Seeing and hearing
  32. 2020RLHF for summarisation Turning pointHH-RLHF built directly on thisChapter 6. Teaching models what people want
  33. 2020GShard Turning pointGemini 1.5 was influenced by thisChapter 5. Scale becomes a science
  34. 2020GPT-3 Turning pointChain of thought was influenced by thisChapter 5. Scale becomes a science
  35. 2020RAGLost in the middle was influenced by thisChapter 10. Reading more than you remember
  36. 2020Dense retrievalRAG built directly on thisChapter 10. Reading more than you remember
  37. 2020Scaling laws Turning pointGPT-3 was influenced by thisChapter 5. Scale becomes a science
  38. 2019BARTRAG built directly on thisChapter 4. Pretrain once, use everywhere
  39. 2019T5 Turning pointFLAN was influenced by thisChapter 4. Pretrain once, use everywhere
  40. 2019C4 Turning pointT5 was influenced by thisChapter 4. Pretrain once, use everywhere
  41. 2019RLHF for LMsRLHF for summarisation built directly on thisChapter 6. Teaching models what people want
  42. 2019Sparse Transformer Turning pointGPT-3 built directly on thisChapter 4. Pretrain once, use everywhere
  43. 2019GPT-2 Turning pointGPT-3 built directly on thisChapter 4. Pretrain once, use everywhere
  44. 2019WebTextGPT-2 was influenced by thisChapter 4. Pretrain once, use everywhere
  45. 2019Transformer-XLSparse Transformer was influenced by this (indirect influence)Chapter 4. Pretrain once, use everywhere
  46. 2018BERT Turning pointVision Transformer was influenced by thisChapter 4. Pretrain once, use everywhere
  47. 2018SentencePieceT5 built directly on thisChapter 4. Pretrain once, use everywhere
  48. 2018GPT-1BERT was influenced by thisChapter 4. Pretrain once, use everywhere
  49. 2018ELMoBERT was influenced by thisChapter 4. Pretrain once, use everywhere
  50. 2018ULMFiTBERT was influenced by thisChapter 4. Pretrain once, use everywhere
  51. 2017CoVeELMo was influenced by thisChapter 3. Attention, then only attention
  52. 2017RLHF origino1 was influenced by this (indirect influence)Chapter 6. Teaching models what people want
  53. 2017Transformer Turning pointVision Transformer built directly on thisChapter 3. Attention, then only attention
  54. 2017ConvS2STransformer was influenced by this (indirect influence)Chapter 3. Attention, then only attention
  55. 2017FAISSRAG was influenced by thisChapter 10. Reading more than you remember
  56. 2017Sparse MoE Turning pointGShard built directly on thisChapter 3. Attention, then only attention
  57. 2016Layer normTransformer built directly on thisChapter 3. Attention, then only attention
  58. 2015Residual connectionsTransformer was influenced by thisChapter 3. Attention, then only attention
  59. 2015LM pretraining Turning pointBERT was influenced by thisChapter 2. Words become vectors
  60. 2015BPE tokenizationGPT-2 built directly on thisChapter 2. Words become vectors
  61. 2015Luong attentionTransformer was influenced by thisChapter 3. Attention, then only attention
  62. 2014AdamTransformer was influenced by thisChapter 2. Words become vectors
  63. 2014GloVeELMo built directly on thisChapter 2. Words become vectors
  64. 2014Seq2seq Turning pointTransformer built directly on thisChapter 2. Words become vectors
  65. 2014Attention Turning pointTransformer built directly on thisChapter 3. Attention, then only attention
  66. 2014GRU / encoder-decoderAttention built directly on thisChapter 2. Words become vectors
  67. 2013word2vecELMo was influenced by thisChapter 2. Words become vectors
  68. 2011NLP from scratchELMo was influenced by thisChapter 1. Language as probability
  69. 2003Neural LMNLP from scratch was influenced by this
    word2vec was influenced by this    Chapter 1. Language as probability
  70. 1997LSTM Turning pointSparse MoE built directly on thisChapter 1. Language as probability
  71. 1991Mixture of expertsSparse MoE built directly on thisChapter 1. Language as probability
  72. 1990Recurrent networksLSTM was influenced by thisChapter 1. Language as probability

After: what it led to

No documented descendants are recorded for Gemini 3.1 without weak links.

No documented descendants are recorded for Gemini 3.1 without weak links.

No recorded descendants are recorded for Gemini 3.1.

No recorded descendants are recorded for Gemini 3.1.

Direct links and their sources

Where it came from

Built directly on

What it led to

None recorded in the sources used.