NLP Lineage

6 December 2023 · Scale and data

Gemini 1.0

Gemini: A Family of Highly Capable Multimodal Models

Gemini Team, Google

Date
6 December 2023
What the date marks
Announcement
Kind
Model
Organisation
Google DeepMind
Access
API only
Other dates
report 2023-12-19
Threads
In the guided tour
Chapter 11. Seeing and hearing
Learning phases
2. How LLMs are trained; 3. API usage and prompting

A milestone: 2 later milestones descend directly from it, and its descendants reach 7 of the 10 threads. How levels are decided

Read the primary source (arxiv.org)

Full summary in progress. Until then, this page shows the milestone's record from the research data.

What it changed

Before it

Multimodality was added to text models afterwards, by bolting on an encoder.

The problem

A bolted-on encoder limits how deeply modalities can interact.

What it introduced

A model family trained on text, images, audio and video from the start, across three sizes.

Why it matters

It established native multimodality as the frontier design and put Google back in direct competition.

What modern models inherit

Natively multimodal training rather than adapter bridges.

What came next

Gemini 1.5's million-token context, then the 2.5 and 3 generations.

Before and after

The milestones it descends from, and the milestones that descend from it. Work developed alongside it is not counted. Weak links are left out unless you include them.

Before: where it came from

Gemini 1.0 has 32 documented ancestors across 7 chapters, reaching back to Recurrent networks in 1990. Showing its direct parents and the 13 turning points among them.

Gemini 1.0 has 32 documented ancestors across 7 chapters, reaching back to Recurrent networks in 1990. Showing all of them.

Gemini 1.0 has 34 recorded ancestors, including indirect ones, across 7 chapters, reaching back to Recurrent networks in 1990. Showing its direct parents and the 13 turning points among them.

Gemini 1.0 has 34 recorded ancestors, including indirect ones, across 7 chapters, reaching back to Recurrent networks in 1990. Showing all of them.

  1. 2023Gemini 1.0This milestone.
  2. 2022PaLMGemini 1.0 succeeded thisChapter 5. Scale becomes a science
  3. 2022Chain of thought Turning pointPaLM was influenced by thisChapter 12. Thinking longer
  4. 2020Vision TransformerGemini 1.0 was influenced by thisChapter 11. Seeing and hearing
  5. 2020GShard Turning pointGemini 1.0 was influenced by thisChapter 5. Scale becomes a science
  6. 2020GPT-3 Turning pointChain of thought was influenced by thisChapter 5. Scale becomes a science
  7. 2020Scaling laws Turning pointGPT-3 was influenced by thisChapter 5. Scale becomes a science
  8. 2019Sparse Transformer Turning pointGPT-3 built directly on thisChapter 4. Pretrain once, use everywhere
  9. 2019GPT-2 Turning pointGPT-3 built directly on thisChapter 4. Pretrain once, use everywhere
  10. 2019WebTextGPT-2 was influenced by thisChapter 4. Pretrain once, use everywhere
  11. 2018BERT Turning pointVision Transformer was influenced by thisChapter 4. Pretrain once, use everywhere
  12. 2018GPT-1BERT was influenced by thisChapter 4. Pretrain once, use everywhere
  13. 2018ELMoBERT was influenced by thisChapter 4. Pretrain once, use everywhere
  14. 2018ULMFiTBERT was influenced by thisChapter 4. Pretrain once, use everywhere
  15. 2017CoVeELMo was influenced by thisChapter 3. Attention, then only attention
  16. 2017Transformer Turning pointVision Transformer built directly on thisChapter 3. Attention, then only attention
  17. 2017Sparse MoE Turning pointGShard built directly on thisChapter 3. Attention, then only attention
  18. 2016Layer normTransformer built directly on thisChapter 3. Attention, then only attention
  19. 2015Residual connectionsTransformer was influenced by thisChapter 3. Attention, then only attention
  20. 2015LM pretraining Turning pointBERT was influenced by thisChapter 2. Words become vectors
  21. 2015BPE tokenizationGPT-2 built directly on thisChapter 2. Words become vectors
  22. 2015Luong attentionTransformer was influenced by thisChapter 3. Attention, then only attention
  23. 2014AdamTransformer was influenced by thisChapter 2. Words become vectors
  24. 2014GloVeELMo built directly on thisChapter 2. Words become vectors
  25. 2014Seq2seq Turning pointTransformer built directly on thisChapter 2. Words become vectors
  26. 2014Attention Turning pointTransformer built directly on thisChapter 3. Attention, then only attention
  27. 2014GRU / encoder-decoderAttention built directly on thisChapter 2. Words become vectors
  28. 2013word2vecELMo was influenced by thisChapter 2. Words become vectors
  29. 2011NLP from scratchELMo was influenced by thisChapter 1. Language as probability
  30. 2003Neural LMNLP from scratch was influenced by this
    word2vec was influenced by this    Chapter 1. Language as probability
  31. 1997LSTM Turning pointSparse MoE built directly on thisChapter 1. Language as probability
  32. 1991Mixture of expertsSparse MoE built directly on thisChapter 1. Language as probability
  33. 1990Recurrent networksLSTM was influenced by thisChapter 1. Language as probability
  1. 2023Gemini 1.0This milestone.
  2. 2022PaLMGemini 1.0 succeeded thisChapter 5. Scale becomes a science
  3. 2022Chain of thought Turning pointPaLM was influenced by thisChapter 12. Thinking longer
  4. 2020Vision TransformerGemini 1.0 was influenced by thisChapter 11. Seeing and hearing
  5. 2020GShard Turning pointGemini 1.0 was influenced by thisChapter 5. Scale becomes a science
  6. 2020GPT-3 Turning pointChain of thought was influenced by thisChapter 5. Scale becomes a science
  7. 2020Scaling laws Turning pointGPT-3 was influenced by thisChapter 5. Scale becomes a science
  8. 2019Sparse Transformer Turning pointGPT-3 built directly on thisChapter 4. Pretrain once, use everywhere
  9. 2019GPT-2 Turning pointGPT-3 built directly on thisChapter 4. Pretrain once, use everywhere
  10. 2019WebTextGPT-2 was influenced by thisChapter 4. Pretrain once, use everywhere
  11. 2019Transformer-XLSparse Transformer was influenced by this (indirect influence)Chapter 4. Pretrain once, use everywhere
  12. 2018BERT Turning pointVision Transformer was influenced by thisChapter 4. Pretrain once, use everywhere
  13. 2018GPT-1BERT was influenced by thisChapter 4. Pretrain once, use everywhere
  14. 2018ELMoBERT was influenced by thisChapter 4. Pretrain once, use everywhere
  15. 2018ULMFiTBERT was influenced by thisChapter 4. Pretrain once, use everywhere
  16. 2017CoVeELMo was influenced by thisChapter 3. Attention, then only attention
  17. 2017Transformer Turning pointVision Transformer built directly on thisChapter 3. Attention, then only attention
  18. 2017ConvS2STransformer was influenced by this (indirect influence)Chapter 3. Attention, then only attention
  19. 2017Sparse MoE Turning pointGShard built directly on thisChapter 3. Attention, then only attention
  20. 2016Layer normTransformer built directly on thisChapter 3. Attention, then only attention
  21. 2015Residual connectionsTransformer was influenced by thisChapter 3. Attention, then only attention
  22. 2015LM pretraining Turning pointBERT was influenced by thisChapter 2. Words become vectors
  23. 2015BPE tokenizationGPT-2 built directly on thisChapter 2. Words become vectors
  24. 2015Luong attentionTransformer was influenced by thisChapter 3. Attention, then only attention
  25. 2014AdamTransformer was influenced by thisChapter 2. Words become vectors
  26. 2014GloVeELMo built directly on thisChapter 2. Words become vectors
  27. 2014Seq2seq Turning pointTransformer built directly on thisChapter 2. Words become vectors
  28. 2014Attention Turning pointTransformer built directly on thisChapter 3. Attention, then only attention
  29. 2014GRU / encoder-decoderAttention built directly on thisChapter 2. Words become vectors
  30. 2013word2vecELMo was influenced by thisChapter 2. Words become vectors
  31. 2011NLP from scratchELMo was influenced by thisChapter 1. Language as probability
  32. 2003Neural LMNLP from scratch was influenced by this
    word2vec was influenced by this    Chapter 1. Language as probability
  33. 1997LSTM Turning pointSparse MoE built directly on thisChapter 1. Language as probability
  34. 1991Mixture of expertsSparse MoE built directly on thisChapter 1. Language as probability
  35. 1990Recurrent networksLSTM was influenced by thisChapter 1. Language as probability

After: what it led to

Gemini 1.0 has 9 documented descendants across 4 chapters, reaching forward to Gemini 3.1 in 2026. Showing its direct descendants.

Gemini 1.0 has 9 documented descendants across 4 chapters, reaching forward to Gemini 3.1 in 2026. Showing all of them.

Gemini 1.0 has 9 recorded descendants, including indirect ones, across 4 chapters, reaching forward to Gemini 3.1 in 2026. Showing its direct descendants.

Gemini 1.0 has 9 recorded descendants, including indirect ones, across 4 chapters, reaching forward to Gemini 3.1 in 2026. Showing all of them.

  1. 2023Gemini 1.0This milestone.
  2. 2024Gemini 1.5built directly on Gemini 1.0Chapter 10. Reading more than you remember
  3. 2024Gemmabuilt directly on Gemini 1.0Chapter 8. The weights get out
  4. 2024Gemini 2.0built directly on Gemini 1.5Chapter 14. Where the threads meet now
  5. 2025Gemini 2.5was influenced by Gemini 1.5Chapter 12. Thinking longer
  6. 2025IMO goldbuilt directly on Gemini 2.5Chapter 12. Thinking longer
  7. 2025IMO-ProofBenchwas influenced by IMO goldChapter 12. Thinking longer
  8. 2025Gemini 3was influenced by Gemini 1.5Chapter 14. Where the threads meet now
  9. 2026Gemini 3 Deep Thinkbuilt directly on Gemini 3Chapter 12. Thinking longer
  10. 2026Gemini 3.1built directly on Gemini 3Chapter 14. Where the threads meet now
  1. 2023Gemini 1.0This milestone.
  2. 2024Gemini 1.5built directly on Gemini 1.0Chapter 10. Reading more than you remember
  3. 2024Gemmabuilt directly on Gemini 1.0Chapter 8. The weights get out
  4. 2024Gemini 2.0built directly on Gemini 1.5Chapter 14. Where the threads meet now
  5. 2025Gemini 2.5was influenced by Gemini 1.5Chapter 12. Thinking longer
  6. 2025IMO goldbuilt directly on Gemini 2.5Chapter 12. Thinking longer
  7. 2025IMO-ProofBenchwas influenced by IMO goldChapter 12. Thinking longer
  8. 2025Gemini 3was influenced by Gemini 1.5Chapter 14. Where the threads meet now
  9. 2026Gemini 3 Deep Thinkbuilt directly on Gemini 3Chapter 12. Thinking longer
  10. 2026Gemini 3.1built directly on Gemini 3Chapter 14. Where the threads meet now

Direct links and their sources

Where it came from

Influenced by

Succeeded

What it led to

Built on directly by