NLP Lineage

28 March 2022 · Alignment

STaR

STaR: Bootstrapping Reasoning With Reasoning

E. Zelikman, Y. Wu, J. Mu, N. Goodman

Date
28 March 2022
What the date marks
arXiv submission
Kind
Training method
Organisation
Stanford / Google
Access
Not applicable
Other dates
NeurIPS 2022
Threads
In the guided tour
Chapter 12. Thinking longer
Learning phases
2. How LLMs are trained; 3. API usage and prompting

Notable: no later milestone in the data is documented as descending from it. How levels are decided

Full summary in progress. Until then, this page shows the milestone's record from the research data.

What it changed

Before it

Reasoning was prompted at inference; training on reasoning needed human-written rationales.

The problem

Nobody can write rationales for every problem a model should learn to solve.

What it introduced

Let the model generate its own rationales, keep the ones that reach the right answer, and fine-tune on those.

Why it matters

Self-generated reasoning data, verified by outcome, is the core loop that RL-trained reasoning models later industrialised.

What modern models inherit

Training on a model's own verified reasoning.

What came next

Process supervision, then the RL reasoning training in o1 and DeepSeek-R1.

Before and after

The milestones it descends from, and the milestones that descend from it. Work developed alongside it is not counted. Weak links are left out unless you include them.

Before: where it came from

STaR has 19 documented ancestors across 6 chapters, reaching back to Recurrent networks in 1990. Showing its direct parents and the 10 turning points among them.

STaR has 19 documented ancestors across 6 chapters, reaching back to Recurrent networks in 1990. Showing all of them.

STaR has 28 recorded ancestors, including indirect ones, across 6 chapters, reaching back to Recurrent networks in 1990. Showing its direct parents and the 10 turning points among them.

STaR has 28 recorded ancestors, including indirect ones, across 6 chapters, reaching back to Recurrent networks in 1990. Showing all of them.

  1. 2022STaRThis milestone.
  2. 2022Chain of thought Turning pointSTaR was influenced by thisChapter 12. Thinking longer
  3. 2020GPT-3 Turning pointChain of thought was influenced by thisChapter 5. Scale becomes a science
  4. 2020Scaling laws Turning pointGPT-3 was influenced by thisChapter 5. Scale becomes a science
  5. 2019Sparse Transformer Turning pointGPT-3 built directly on thisChapter 4. Pretrain once, use everywhere
  6. 2019GPT-2 Turning pointGPT-3 built directly on thisChapter 4. Pretrain once, use everywhere
  7. 2019WebTextGPT-2 was influenced by thisChapter 4. Pretrain once, use everywhere
  8. 2018GPT-1GPT-2 built directly on thisChapter 4. Pretrain once, use everywhere
  9. 2017Transformer Turning pointGPT-2 built directly on this
    Sparse Transformer built directly on this
    Scaling laws built directly on this
    Chapter 3. Attention, then only attention
  10. 2016Layer normGPT-2 built directly on thisChapter 3. Attention, then only attention
  11. 2015Residual connectionsTransformer was influenced by thisChapter 3. Attention, then only attention
  12. 2015LM pretraining Turning pointGPT-1 was influenced by thisChapter 2. Words become vectors
  13. 2015BPE tokenizationGPT-2 built directly on thisChapter 2. Words become vectors
  14. 2015Luong attentionTransformer was influenced by thisChapter 3. Attention, then only attention
  15. 2014AdamTransformer was influenced by thisChapter 2. Words become vectors
  16. 2014Seq2seq Turning pointTransformer built directly on thisChapter 2. Words become vectors
  17. 2014Attention Turning pointTransformer built directly on thisChapter 3. Attention, then only attention
  18. 2014GRU / encoder-decoderAttention built directly on thisChapter 2. Words become vectors
  19. 1997LSTM Turning pointSeq2seq built directly on thisChapter 1. Language as probability
  20. 1990Recurrent networksLSTM was influenced by thisChapter 1. Language as probability
  1. 2022STaRThis milestone.
  2. 2022Chain of thought Turning pointSTaR was influenced by thisChapter 12. Thinking longer
  3. 2020GPT-3 Turning pointChain of thought was influenced by thisChapter 5. Scale becomes a science
  4. 2020Scaling laws Turning pointGPT-3 was influenced by thisChapter 5. Scale becomes a science
  5. 2019Sparse Transformer Turning pointGPT-3 built directly on thisChapter 4. Pretrain once, use everywhere
  6. 2019GPT-2 Turning pointGPT-3 built directly on thisChapter 4. Pretrain once, use everywhere
  7. 2019WebTextGPT-2 was influenced by thisChapter 4. Pretrain once, use everywhere
  8. 2019Transformer-XLSparse Transformer was influenced by this (indirect influence)Chapter 4. Pretrain once, use everywhere
  9. 2018GPT-1GPT-2 built directly on thisChapter 4. Pretrain once, use everywhere
  10. 2018ELMoGPT-1 was influenced by this (indirect influence)Chapter 4. Pretrain once, use everywhere
  11. 2018ULMFiTGPT-1 was influenced by this (indirect influence)Chapter 4. Pretrain once, use everywhere
  12. 2017CoVeELMo was influenced by thisChapter 3. Attention, then only attention
  13. 2017Transformer Turning pointGPT-2 built directly on this
    Sparse Transformer built directly on this
    Scaling laws built directly on this
    Chapter 3. Attention, then only attention
  14. 2017ConvS2STransformer was influenced by this (indirect influence)Chapter 3. Attention, then only attention
  15. 2016Layer normGPT-2 built directly on thisChapter 3. Attention, then only attention
  16. 2015Residual connectionsTransformer was influenced by thisChapter 3. Attention, then only attention
  17. 2015LM pretraining Turning pointGPT-1 was influenced by thisChapter 2. Words become vectors
  18. 2015BPE tokenizationGPT-2 built directly on thisChapter 2. Words become vectors
  19. 2015Luong attentionTransformer was influenced by thisChapter 3. Attention, then only attention
  20. 2014AdamTransformer was influenced by thisChapter 2. Words become vectors
  21. 2014GloVeELMo built directly on thisChapter 2. Words become vectors
  22. 2014Seq2seq Turning pointTransformer built directly on thisChapter 2. Words become vectors
  23. 2014Attention Turning pointTransformer built directly on thisChapter 3. Attention, then only attention
  24. 2014GRU / encoder-decoderAttention built directly on thisChapter 2. Words become vectors
  25. 2013word2vecELMo was influenced by thisChapter 2. Words become vectors
  26. 2011NLP from scratchELMo was influenced by thisChapter 1. Language as probability
  27. 2003Neural LMNLP from scratch was influenced by this
    word2vec was influenced by this
    Chapter 1. Language as probability
  28. 1997LSTM Turning pointSeq2seq built directly on this
    ELMo built directly on this
    Chapter 1. Language as probability
  29. 1990Recurrent networksLSTM was influenced by thisChapter 1. Language as probability

After: what it led to

No documented descendants are recorded for STaR without weak links.

No documented descendants are recorded for STaR without weak links.

STaR has 43 recorded descendants, including indirect ones, across 5 chapters, reaching forward to Claude Opus 5.5 in 2026. Showing its direct descendants and the 1 turning point among them.

STaR has 43 recorded descendants, including indirect ones, across 5 chapters, reaching forward to Claude Opus 5.5 in 2026. Showing all of them.

  1. 2022STaRThis milestone.
  2. 2023Process supervisionwas influenced by STaR (indirect influence)Chapter 12. Thinking longer
  3. 2024GRPOwas influenced by Process supervision (indirect influence)Chapter 12. Thinking longer
  4. 2024Test-time computewas influenced by STaR (indirect influence)Chapter 12. Thinking longer
  5. 2024o1 Turning pointwas influenced by STaR (indirect influence)Chapter 12. Thinking longer
  6. 2024o3 announcedbuilt directly on o1
    was influenced by Test-time compute (indirect influence)
    Chapter 12. Thinking longer
  7. 2024DeepSeek-V3built directly on GRPOChapter 8. The weights get out
  8. 2025DeepSeek-R1was influenced by o1
    was influenced by Test-time compute
    Chapter 12. Thinking longer
  9. 2025Deep researchwas influenced by o3 releasedChapter 13. Models that act
  10. 2025Claude 3.7was influenced by o1Chapter 12. Thinking longer
  11. 2025Claude Codewas influenced by Claude 3.7Chapter 13. Models that act
  12. 2025Gemini 2.5was influenced by o1Chapter 12. Thinking longer
  13. 2025o3 releasedbuilt directly on o1Chapter 12. Thinking longer
  14. 2025Qwen3was influenced by DeepSeek-R1Chapter 8. The weights get out
  15. 2025Claude 4built directly on Claude 3.7Chapter 13. Models that act
  16. 2025Kimi K2was influenced by GRPOChapter 8. The weights get out
  17. 2025IMO goldwas influenced by Test-time computeChapter 12. Thinking longer
  18. 2025gpt-ossbuilt directly on o3 released
    was influenced by DeepSeek-R1 (indirect influence)
    Chapter 8. The weights get out
  19. 2025GPT-5built directly on o3 releasedChapter 14. Where the threads meet now
  20. 2025GLM-4.5was influenced by DeepSeek-R1 (indirect influence)Chapter 8. The weights get out
  21. 2025DeepSeek-V3.2built directly on DeepSeek-V3Chapter 10. Reading more than you remember
  22. 2025Claude Sonnet 4.5built directly on Claude 4Chapter 13. Models that act
  23. 2025IMO-ProofBenchwas influenced by IMO goldChapter 12. Thinking longer
  24. 2025GPT-5.1built directly on GPT-5Chapter 14. Where the threads meet now
  25. 2025Gemini 3built directly on Gemini 2.5Chapter 14. Where the threads meet now
  26. 2025Claude Opus 4.5built directly on Claude Sonnet 4.5Chapter 13. Models that act
  27. 2025GPT-5.2built directly on GPT-5.1Chapter 14. Where the threads meet now
  28. 2026Claude Opus 4.6built directly on Claude Opus 4.5Chapter 14. Where the threads meet now
  29. 2026GPT-5.3-Codexbuilt directly on GPT-5.2Chapter 13. Models that act
  30. 2026Gemini 3 Deep Thinkwas influenced by IMO goldChapter 12. Thinking longer
  31. 2026Qwen3.5built directly on Qwen3Chapter 8. The weights get out
  32. 2026Gemini 3.1built directly on Gemini 3Chapter 14. Where the threads meet now
  33. 2026GPT-5.4built directly on GPT-5.3-CodexChapter 14. Where the threads meet now
  34. 2026Claude Opus 4.7built directly on Claude Opus 4.6Chapter 14. Where the threads meet now
  35. 2026GPT-5.5built directly on GPT-5.4Chapter 14. Where the threads meet now
  36. 2026DeepSeek-V4was influenced by DeepSeek-V3Chapter 8. The weights get out
  37. 2026Claude Opus 4.8built directly on Claude Opus 4.7Chapter 14. Where the threads meet now
  38. 2026Claude Sonnet 5succeeded Claude Opus 4.8Chapter 14. Where the threads meet now
  39. 2026GLM-5.2built directly on GLM-4.5Chapter 8. The weights get out
  40. 2026GPT-5.6 Solbuilt directly on GPT-5.5Chapter 14. Where the threads meet now
  41. 2026Kimi K3built directly on Kimi K2Chapter 8. The weights get out
  42. 2026Claude Opus 5succeeded Claude Opus 4.8Chapter 14. Where the threads meet now
  43. 2026Qwen3.8built directly on Qwen3.5Chapter 8. The weights get out
  44. 2026Claude Opus 5.5built directly on Claude Opus 5Chapter 14. Where the threads meet now

Direct links and their sources

Where it came from

Influenced by

What it led to

Influenced